This text was last updated in Mai 2018

The decades following Israel’s independence in 1948 were shaped by regional wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors and violent conflicts between Israel and Palestinian groups. Given this conflict-ridden history, security concerns take a central spot in the relationship between Israelis and Palestinians. The Oslo peace process of the 1990s tried to provide mutual security by aiming at two strategic goals:

• The Palestinian state in the making was allowed to establish its own security forces to maintain internal security and public order.
• At the same time, all conventional and asymmetrical threats that could stem from the transfer of territory and competencies into Palestinian hands were to be prevented.

The Oslo peace process failed and did until today not lead to an independent Palestinian state. Despite this failure, the Oslo interim arrangements constitute until today the basis for the regional security architecture.

Security in the Oslo Accords

Israel and the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) signed during the 1990s a number of treaties that aimed at the establishment of an independent Palestinian state. The “Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements” (Oslo I) from 1993 is the first of these treaties and outlines the principles for a five year interim period that was supposed to be concluded with the signing of a final status agreement. Article XIII defines briefly the basics of the security arrangement between Israel and the newly established Palestinian Authority (PA). The PA is supposed to establish a “strong police force” to guarantee public order and internal security in those territories placed under its control. Israel continues to carry the responsibility for defending against external threats, as well as the responsibility for the overall security of Israelis.

The “Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip”(Oslo II) from 1995 confirms these responsibilities and clarifies them further. Israel is tasked with the protection of the Egyptian and Jordanian borders, and the defense against external threats from the sea and from the air. Israel is furthermore responsible for the overall security of Israelis and Settlements and has “all the powers to take the steps necessary to meet this responsibility” (Article XII). Next to maintaining public order and internal security, the Palestinian security forces are explicitly tasked to act systematically against all expressions of violence and terror and to coordinate with the Israeli side the necessary policies and activities to meet this obligation (Annex I, Article II).

The size of the Palestinian security forces in all its branches in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip is not supposed to be more than 30,000 (Annex I, Article IV). Its equipment is limited to light arms and their use has to be documented closely (Annex I, Article IV). No armed forces are allowed to be established or operate in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip other than the Palestinian security forces and the Israeli military forces (Article XIV). Furthermore, the PA does have no powers and responsibilities in the sphere of foreign relations, which in consequence prohibits the establishment of military alliances (Article IX).

The Interim Agreement divides the West Bank and the Gaza Strip in Areas A, B and C, which among others define the operational area of the Palestinian security forces. Area A comprises the Palestinian urban centers and is placed under complete control of the PA. Area B comprises Palestinian rural communities and is under full civil control of the PA, while the responsibilities in the security sphere are split between Israel and the PA. While Israel is responsible for the overall security and terror prevention, the PA has the responsibility to uphold public order via 25 police stations in predetermined communities (Article XII). The remaining 60 percent of the West Bank are considered as Area C and remain under complete Israeli control. Nowadays 390,000 Palestinians live in Area C, alongside 440,000 Israelis settlers that spread over 250 settlements and settlement outposts. To cross Area C or to reach communities in Area B without a police station, the Palestinian security forces have to coordinate with the Israeli military and to await their approvals (Article XIII).

Prevention of Conventional and Asymmetrical Threats

Israel makes the transfer of territories and competencies into Palestinian hands dependent on clear security expectations. Both asymmetrical threats such as terror attacks from Palestinian controlled areas as well as conventional threats from or via the territory of a future Palestinian state are to be prevented. To meet these requirements, Israel demands that any future Palestinian state needs to be demilitarized. This includes to perpetuation of restrictions on the Palestinian security sector that were enshrined in the Oslo treaties, such as restrictions in their size, their armament and their restricted mandate for public order and internal security. Israel furthermore seeks to maintain its responsibility to defend against threats from sea and air and to control the external borders. During past final status negotiations this included the demand for early warning stations in the West Bank, Israeli military installations along the Jordanian border and corridors for troop movements in emergency situations.

From a legal perspective states are able to transfer some of their sovereign rights out of their free will to another state. Even though it only rarely occurs, there are examples of smaller states that have delegated responsibilities for external defense to a larger neighboring state. During past negotiations between Israel and the PLO there have indeed been signs for possible compromises. In a newspaper article published in 2014 during the Obama-Administration sponsored peace talks, President Abbas said that “we will be demilitarized. ... Do you think we have any illusion that we can have any security if the Israelis do not feel they have security?” However, strong disputes remain around the Israeli demand for the stationing of Israeli troops within the territory of a future Palestinian state, a step that is interpreted by many Palestinians as a continuation of the military occupation.

Guaranteeing Public Order and Internal Security

The Oslo Accords restrict the mandate of the Palestinian security forces to the maintenance of public order and internal security. Without a Palestinian state in sight and in light of the continued Israeli occupation of the West Bank, the Palestinian security forces are confronted with different societal expectations. On one hand the establishment of effective institutions is meant to showcase the readiness of the Palestinians for their own state. On the other hand, many Palestinians want to maintain the resistance against the occupation and expect that the security forces do not undermine these efforts or diminish Israel’s costs for the occupation.

The tension between these two expectations manifests itself especially around the security cooperation with Israel that was stipulated in the Oslo Accords. The Palestinian security forces are among others obliged to act systematically against all expressions of violence and terror and to coordinate for this end with Israel. The prevention of armed attacks is seen by Israel and the international community as one of the most important indicators for the Palestinian willingness for a negotiated resolution of the conflict. However, many Palestinians are critical of the close security cooperation and see it as collaboration with the occupying power. The Palestinian security forces experiences three distinct phases in which these expectations were addressed in different ways.

Yasser Arafat – Bridging Differences

The first years of the Palestinian security forces were shaped by President Yasser Arafat. As charismatic leader of the PLO he was strongly involved in the Oslo Peace Process and in 1996 was elected as the first president of the PA. During these years he managed to establish a highly personalised political system that allowed him to balance different expectations in the peace process.

Both the PA and Israel honoured during the 1990s the security arrangements of the Oslo Accords. The Israeli military, for instance, only rarely entered Area A that was placed under full Palestinian control; in Area B, joint Israeli-Palestinian patrols took place on a regular basis. However, in clear violation of the treaties the Palestinian security sector started to adopt quasi-military structures. The security forces were divided into a dozen different branches that were directly reporting to President Arafat. Instead of the envisaged 30,000 troops, the security sector swelled until the end of the 1990s to 45,000 to 60,000 troops. These were equipped with smuggled or locally produced arms, many of which circulated in the armed wings of the Palestinian political movements.

The Second Intifada – Collapse of the Security Sector

The failure of the peace talks and the outbreak of the Second Intifada 2001 sparked a circle of violence that lead to the collapse of the Palestinian security sector. The armed struggle was mainly carried out by the armed wings of the Palestinian political movements, but parts of the security sector participated in the fights. Israel responded to Palestinian violence with retaliatory strikes and in 2002 reoccupied large parts of the West Bank. The physical and organizational infrastructure was almost completely destroyed in the course of these campaigns. Clans and militia of different background filled up the security vacuum left behind and started to control the scattered enclaves created by Israel.

Given the almost complete collapse of public order, a reform of the security sector was high on the agenda for the international community. The Roadmap of 2003, which was an attempt to restart the peace process, called to end violence, terrorism, and incitement through restructured and effective Palestinian security services. Even though the security forces remerged, the process was slow and the PA under Arafat was neither willing nor capable to effectively confront armed groups. Israel on the other hand was reluctant to permit the renewed deployment of Palestinian forces. The death of Arafat in 2014 and the election of the moderate Prime Minister Mahmud Abbas as his successor in 2005 could not set decisive impulses. Since 2005 the USA are supporting the training of the Palestinian security forces through a Security Coordinator, since 2006 the EU supports the establishment of effective security structures through a civil police mission (EUPOL COPPS).

Turning point was the electoral victory of the radical Islamic movement Hamas over its national-secular rival Fatah during the elections for the Palestinian Legislative Council in 2006. While the vote was considered to be free and democratic, the international community did not recognize Hamas as the leading party and boycotted attempts to form a government under Hamas leadership. The inner-Palestinian conflict culminated in a brief but violent civil war between Hamas and Fatah. Hamas succeeded to take control of the Gaza Strip and since then has established a de facto Islamist state. This created a clear convergence of interests between Israel, the PA and the international community. These actors aimed at the stabilization of the West Bank and a clear differentiation from the Gaza Strip and its Hamas rulers.

Salam Fayyad – Reform and Cooperation

In 2007, Mahmud Abbas appointed Salam Fayyad as new Prime Minister of the PA, which’s area of influence was henceforth restricted to the West Bank. Fayyad dedicated his term until his dismissal in 2013 to the establishment of effective state structures as the foundation for an independent Palestinian state. The reform of the security sector was a central aspect of this strategy and aimed at three strategic goals. The PA succeeded through extensive security operations to reestablish public order in the areas under its control. Most Palestinians welcomed this development that ended the presence of armed groups that characterized the chaotic years of the Second Intifada. The PA also sought to enforce for the first time the monopoly of force that the Oslo Accords grant to the Palestinian security forces and the Israeli military. The PA succeeded to disarm militant groups such as the Fatah-aligned al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade through a comprehensive amnesty program with Israeli participation and by integrating some of the groups into the regular forces. The third aim was to demobilize and suppress Hamas in the West Bank. The PA acted with great force against the organizational and institutional infrastructure of Hamas, with the connivance of the international community. Many Hamas-affiliated organizations were closed down and hundreds of sympathizers were convicted in front of military courts in violation of the Palestinian basic law.

Based on the shared strategic interest, Israel supported the gradual expansion of the Palestinian security forces’ authority. Checkpoints were partially removed and the operational area of the Palestinian security forces was expanded. Nowadays its operational area covers almost all of Area A as well as 26 communities with Palestinian police stations in Area B. Largely prohibited is their operative access to areas in close proximity to Israeli settlements and the Israeli-controlled Area C. To pass Area C, for example to reach communities in Area B without a police station or to carry out prisoner transfers, the Palestinian security forces have to coordinate on a regular basis with Israeli counterparts to ask for permissions.

Since Palestinian troops have no operative access to these territories and since Israel focuses in the West Bank on the protection of its citizens and the Israeli settlers, many Palestinian communities remain without an effective security concept to maintain public order. This shows itself in increased crime rates, for example car thefts and the smuggling of drugs. Some communities are also confronted with incursions from Israeli settlers that span from vandalism to the use of physical violence. The construction of the Israeli security barrier since 2002 further increased this problem by separating some parts of the Israeli-annexed areas of East Jerusalem from the rest of the city. While Israel argues in violation of international law that these areas are part of its sovereign state territory, the Israeli security forces have largely abandoned their responsibility to uphold public order and to prevent criminal activities. This geographic fragmentation of the Palestinian territory has clear repercussions for the sense of security. A representative survey from 2016 showed that 52 percent of Palestinians in Area A felt safe, whereas this share dropped outside of Area A to about 38 percent. While only 19 percent of Palestinians in Area B indicated that they experienced settler violence, this was the case for as much as 34 percent of the Palestinians living in Area C.

Despite these phenomena the security cooperation reached from an Israeli perspective unprecedented depth. Unlike during the 1990s, this cooperation is no longer based on reciprocity but focuses on the security of Israeli citizens. Central counterpart for the Israelis in the area of terror prevention is the Palestinian General Intelligence Service (GIS). With the help of Israeli intelligence the GIS is active in the whole West Bank to prevent attacks against Israel. According to Israeli estimates, the GIS is able to prevent around 30 to 40 percent of attacks on Israel from the West Bank. In a rare interview at a time of increased tension during winter 2015/2016, the head of the GIS, Majid Faraj, praised himself of having prevented 200 attacks against Israel and having detained more than 100 Palestinians. Notwithstanding this close cooperation, the Israeli military regularly enters Area A that is de jure under full Palestinian control. According to the UN, the Israeli military carried out 79 search and arrest operations in the West Bank on a bi-weekly average, many of them in Area A. This is a clear deviation from the practice of the 1990s during which Israel largely respected Palestinian sovereignty in Area A.

Palestinian Security Forces Today

The Palestinian security forces are split into seven branches: the influential General Intelligence Service gathers intelligence, cooperates with foreign intelligence agencies and has paramilitary units under its command; the Preventive Security is an internal intelligence agency that counters opposition within the PLO and especially Hamas; the National Security Forces are seen as the proto-army of an independent Palestinian state; the Military Intelligence gathers intelligence on the external military environment; the Military Laison is officially responsible for the security cooperation with Israel, but its function has been reduced to coordinate day-to-day civil matters; the Presidential Guard is an elite force that focuses on the personal protection of the President; the Civil Police is the main law enforcement apparatus.

According to a KAS sponsored research project, all branches together employ around 66,000 persons, 32,000 of which are posted in the West Bank, the other 34,000 in the Gaza Strip. The security forces in the Gaza Strip receive a salary but are not in active duty since the Hamas takeover in 2007. Around 25 percent of the security forces are assigned to the Civil Police. This corresponds to 330 policemen per 100,000 residents and thus lies above the UN recommendations of 222 policemen per 100,000 residents. However, the concentration of the police force in the urban centers of Area A leads to a relative neglect of police stations in rural areas.

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[ity were 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ty were 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [y were 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ were 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [were 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ere 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [re 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [e 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ 4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [4 billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [billion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [illion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [llion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [lion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ion Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [on Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [n Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [Shekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [hekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ekel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [kel (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [el (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [l (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ (around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the sa me year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [(around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [around 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [round 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ound 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [und 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [nd 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [d 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ 1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [1 billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [billion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [illion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [llion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [lion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ion US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [on US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [n US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [US Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [S Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [Dollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ollar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [llar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [lar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ar), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [r), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [), or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [, or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [or around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [r around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [around a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [round a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ound a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [und a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [nd a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [d a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [a quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [quarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [uarter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [arter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [rter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ter of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [er of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [r of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [of the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [f the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [the whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [he whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [e whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [whole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [hole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ole PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [le PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [e PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [PA budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [A budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [budget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [udget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [dget. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [get. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [et. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [t. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [. The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [The expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [he expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [e expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [expenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [xpenses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [penses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [enses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [nses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ses for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [es for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [s for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ for educat ion, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [for education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [or education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [r education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [education, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ducation, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ucation, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [cation, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ation, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [tion, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ion, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [on, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [n, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [, health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [health and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ealth and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [alth and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [lth and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [th and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [h and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [and social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [nd social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [d social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [social services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ocial services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [cial services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ial services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [al services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [l services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [services stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ervices stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [rvices stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [vices stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ices stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ces stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [es stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [s stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [stood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [tood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ood during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [od during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [d during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [during the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [uring the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ring the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ing the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ng the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [g the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [the same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [he same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [e same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [same year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ame year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [me year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [e year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [year at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ear at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ar at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [r at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [at 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [t 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ 5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [5.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [.4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [4 billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [billion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [illion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [llion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [lion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ion Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [on Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [n Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [Shekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [hekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ekel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [kel or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [el or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [l or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [or 33.6 percent of the total budget. [r 33.6 percent of the total budget. [ 33.6 percent of the total budget. [33.6 percent of the total budget. [3.6 percent of the total budget. [.6 percent of the total budget. [6 percent of the total budget. [ percent of the total budget. [percent of the total budget. [ercent of the total budget. [rcent of the total budget. [cent of the total budget. [ent of the total budget. [nt of the total budget. [t of the total budget. [ of the total budget. [of the total budget. [f the total budget. [ the total budget. [the total budget. [he total budget. [e total budget. [ total budget. [total budget. [otal budget. [tal budget. [al budget. [l budget. [ budget. [budget. [udget. [dget. [get. [et. [t. [. [ [[ Jordan | http://www.mof.gov.jo/Portals/0/Mof_content/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9%20%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%89/MYRJOR2017.pdfallocated in 2017 around 14.6 percent of its budget to the areas of public order and security. The member states of the EU spent in 2016 on average 3.7 percent of their budgets for public order and security, with Belgium as frontrunner of the group spending 6.7 percent of its budget for this post. Even though the budgeted expenses dropped between 2012 and 2017 both in absolute numbers and in relation to the overall budget, these numbers indicate that the Palestinian security sector is inflated . In 2017, almost 85 percent of the security expenses were allocated to salaries, while the expenses for operational costs did not exceed 7 percent.

The Palestinian public has a differentiated picture of the security forces. While the maintenance of public order is generally welcomed, the security cooperation with Israel is the subject much frustration. The reputation of the Palestinian security services suffers especially from the regular Israeli incursions into Area A, which lets the Palestinian forces appear as passive receivers of Israeli orders and as indirect support of the occupation. According to a representative survey from 2018, 56 percent of the Palestinians think that the main benefactor of telephone surveillance carried out by the PA is Israel; only 12 percent thought that it serves mainly the security interest of Palestinians. Repeated threats by the PA to stop the security cooperation with Israel are welcomed, but Palestinians are skeptical whether such rhetoric leads to any changes in the actual practices of the security forces. A representative survey from 2017 showed that 73 percent supported Abbas' announcement to end the security cooperation after heightened tensions over the Temple Mount in Jerusalem, yet two thirds were also of the opinion that the decision would not be implemented.

Palestinians are also critical of the increasingly authoritarian behaviour of the PA that uses its security forces to oppose critical voices from the civil society. For the year 2017, The “Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor“ reported 1.150 cases of arbitrary detentions and another 1.510 cases in which Palestinian civilians and activists were summoned to one of the security agencies for a public statement. The report furthermore documents dozens of cases of abuse and even torture in the facilities of the security forces. This has implications on the sense of security of the Palestinian public: a representative survey from March 2018 shows that 63 percent believe that Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip cannot criticize the PA without fear.