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Center for Defence Reforms
Blickpunkt Ukraine

Toy Soldiers

NATO military and intelligence officers in Russian active measures

This study, prepared in early 2024, remains highly relevant today. While russia’s war against Ukraine continues, the methods it employs remain largely unchanged. What shifts over time are the actors -individuals and institutions - that russia co-opts in its hybrid warfare, both against Ukraine and the broader West. The core of the study examines the connections between the russian federation and former high-ranking military officers, as well as ex-leaders of intelligence and security agencies in EU member states. These individuals actively contribute to advancing narratives and policy directions that serve russian interests. In the context of a full-scale war in Europe, this group is particularly important: they are often trusted by the public and political elites and are widely perceived as authoritative voices in matters of security, defense, and international relations. Moreover, many European countries demonstrate a strong demand for politicians with such professional backgrounds. This allows these individuals not only to exert indirect influence on public policy but also to directly participate in decision-making processes - as members of parliament or government officials.

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Sometimes, the effect is subtle. You listen to a statement from a respected figure - a general, a former intelligence chief, or a senior security expert. The person speaks with confidence, appears credible, and has a reputation built over years of service. And yet, something in their tone, emphasis, or framing triggers a quiet sense of unease. An elusive “something feels off” that is difficult to articulate - but impossible to ignore.

This study by the Centre for Defence Reforms seeks to answer the question: why?

Using case studies from France, Spain, Bulgaria, Germany, Greece, the Czech Republic, Italy, and Norway, the researchers uncover how russia systematically builds relationships with former senior officials in the defense and security sectors across Europe. By leveraging their authority and perceived neutrality, the russian federation is able to shape public discourse, erode Western unity, and advance its imperialist ambitions without firing a shot, yet with deeply damaging consequences.

This publication aims to shed light on the hidden mechanisms of informational influence and to explain how “undermining from within” has become an integral part of russia’s strategy in its war against both Ukraine and Europe.

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Contact Dr. Jan Philipp Wölbern
Dr. Jan Philipp Wölbern
Deputy Head of the Ukraine Office
jan-philipp.woelbern@kas.de +380 444927443
Contact

Maryna Mchedleshvili

Maryna Mchedleshvili bild
Accounting Administrator
maryna.mchedleshvili@kas.de +380 44 4927443

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