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Donald Trump's ascent to presidency put into question the willingness of the U.S. to underwrite European security, just as crises in EU's neighbourhood underscored its reliance on American guarantees. Spending by member-states on defence is too small and their arms industries too fragmented for the EU to reach a necessary degree of strategic autonomy without substantial reform. Can PESCO - a new initiative on security and defence cooperation - strengthen EU's defence capabilities? Will the member states be forced to increase military spending, and if so, by how much? Is European strategic autonomy militarily possible and politically feasible?

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