Europe's Next Awakening: China - the Enabler and Hybrid Actor

The Russian threat for Europe is not only evident but also more or less immediate. Extensive warfare is already being conducted in the shadows of the grey zone, in the form of what is commonly referred to as hybrid warfare. Russia, however, does not stand alone. Only weeks before the invasion, Moscow and Beijing proclaimed a partnership ‘without limits’, and China has since become the decisive enabler of Russia’s war. In 2024, Stockholm Free World Forum (Frivärld) published the report Tracking the Russian Hybrid Warfare - Cases From Nordic-Baltic Countries which in 2025 was developed into the anthology Russia’s Hybrid War: The Northern Front (Stockholm Free World Forum, Konrad Adenauer-Stiftung 2025).