More than 5,000 North African volunteers traveled to Syria and Iraq in the aftermath of the ‘Arab Spring’, and about 2,000 joined jihadi groups in Libya. This report looks at the unprecedented scope and dynamics of this mobilisation, focusing on three countries: Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia. It focuses more specifically on the challenge of returning foreign fighters, exploring the risk they pose and the policies that have been developed (or not) to handle them upon return. The report concludes with some recommendations, for the region and for Europe.